Tharp, R. & Gallimore, R. (1991). atypical muscle tone atypical persistence of reflexes that, Atypical Sexual Variations - . The arguments of the present review are twofold: (1) it is critical to use finegrained longitudinal data to study change over time in selfregulatory traits among youth, in order to fully. all mycobacterial species except those that cause, Atypical Language - . child development concepts to topics of high interest and relevance to teachers, including classroom discipline, constructivism, social-emotional development and well-being, and many others. Early adulthood. This concise guide offers an accessible introduction to the development of communication and language in infancy and childhood. Wilms Floet, A.M. (2006) Motor Skills Disorder. Emedicine: Medscapes Continually Updated Clinical Reference. Childrens Thinking. Deborah J. Fidler; Typical and Atypical Development. Could not validate captcha. Physical Development The Influence of HTA in Shaping Drug Development: Investment Implications. typical language development communication disorders. London: SAGE, 2023 SlideServe | Powered By DigitalOfficePro, Child Development - typical and atypical development, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - E N D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. Parents and health practitioners often track and measure a childs developmental milestones from infancy to middle school. Dimensions of change : Physical Sensory Motor Social Emotional Cognitive Reproductive Experiential. I visited so many doctors to evaluate my sons situation, until I found out that my son needed physical therapy. Oxford: BPS Blackwell. Child Development - typical and atypical development - . f TYPICAL DEVELOPMENT The normal progression of children grow by acquiring knowledge, This implies an skills and behaviors. Identified atypical symptoms include fatigue, weakness, numbness or tingling in the upper extremities, palpitations, indigestion, loss of appetite, and confusion. Appointments & Locations. Child Development - typical and atypical development - . At that time my son was 6 months old and was not moving as he should. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. LO3, LO4, LO5, LO6 . The doctor may want to use specialized tests, such as X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , an electroencephalogram (EEG) , or laboratory tests to gather information about your childs brain, spine, or musculoskeletal system. Human development. Carl loves talking about and drawing anime characters from his favorite TV show. Atypical ribs: 1st, 2nd, 10th, 11th, and 12th. Child Development - typical and atypical development - . as a result, Atypical pneumonia - . Please try again. Child Development - typical and atypical development. psychology of individual differences. ), Barbara is a special education student with an Individualized Education Plan (IEP). But remember that there are variations in typical development. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Atypical right atrial flutter other than reverse typical atrial flutter, includes the following: lower loop reentry, fosa ovalis flutter, superior vena cava flutter and upper loop reentry (Figure 2). : an American History, Wong s Essentials of Pediatric Nursing 11th Edition Hockenberry Rodgers Wilson Test Bank, Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1-4, Tina Jones Health History Care Plan Shadow Health.pdf, Leadership class , week 3 executive summary, I am doing my essay on the Ted Talk titaled How One Photo Captured a Humanitie Crisis https, School-Plan - School Plan of San Juan Integrated School, SEC-502-RS-Dispositions Self-Assessment Survey T3 (1), Techniques DE Separation ET Analyse EN Biochimi 1, ELM 200-D-T4-Planning-Instruction-Diverse-Learners, Writing-center-style-apa-7th-edition-template-with-abstract, ELM-210-Week 1 D-T1-Understanding Educational Vocabulary Template. chapter 17. learning objectives. Normal or typical development is "the process of growing, changing, and acquiring a range of skills at approximately the same age and in the same sequence as the majority of children of similar age." (Allen 81) As sad as it sounds, children and their developmental stages are rather predictable. This book represents a move toward interdisciplinary communication by merging clinical child psychology and child development in an account of typical and atypical development. Search for other works by this author on: You do not currently have access to this content. Death. Typical Development Learns alphabet and letter sounds Reading aloud with few mistakes andpauses Grade appropriate reading comprehensionskills and able to perform story sequencing Able to spell and write on grade level Able to organize thoughts and write them Distinguishes effortlessly between math symbols Able to start and finish task Description: The PEC Group www.parnell-eng.com parnelltk@gmail.com. missed period (usually 1, Child Development - . Reference sources 3 Butterworth, G. & Harris, M. (1994). Sleep Figure from Thieke (2001) at http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010115/277.html, Child development theories 1 Historically: Childhood: the early part of being an adult - not a special period Children as little adults no special care or attention required; no differentiation between child development and adult development, Child development theories 2 Arnold Gesell (1880 -1961): universal patterns of physical maturation, genetically driven and determined > milestones of development Sigmund Freud (1857 -1959): early childhood experience informs subsequent development; focus on impact of psychosexual influences > type of stage theory, Child development theories 3 Erik Erikson (1902-1994): extends Freuds perspectives: Brings in environmental factors and more stages issue of overcoming stage related crisis events. Child development is influenced by multiple factors, including the development of the nervous system and other organ systems, and the child's physical and social environment. 18 mths 60 mths: typical development From lower part of Figure 18 p154 of Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. - Human Growth and Development Lesson 2 Fertilization to Birth First Trimester 4 weeks Heart begins to beat 10 weeks Functioning internal organs & arms, legs - THE DEVELOPMENT OF B-LYMPHOCYTES STAGES IN LIFE CYCLE OF B-LYMPHOCYTES Stage 1 Maturation in bone marrow with development of functional receptors Stage 2 Testing for Chapter 1 Development Across the Lifespan. Week 5. Lewis. The most recently investigated field in which both classes of drugs have opposing effects is neuron survival and neurogenesis. London: Heinemann. Cognitive: Children with ID have the ability to recall information, however they may experience difficulties in understanding more abstract . Well convert it to an HTML5 slideshow that includes all the media types youve already added: audio, video, music, pictures, animations and transition effects. PowerShow.com is brought to you byCrystalGraphics, the award-winning developer and market-leading publisher of rich-media enhancement products for presentations. Therefore, T is a sneaky way to get E to brain. ), Jimmy is an accelerated math student. - Phonological Development Ages and Stages Discussion Outline Normal Developmental Stages Developmental Norms segmental norms vs phonological processes Theories of - Boys classified 3 times more than girls. Donaldson, M. (1978) Childrens Minds. We've updated our privacy policy. Explain how those skills and differences may contribute to learners' success and challenges in the classroom.Slide 1- TitleSlides 2-9 informationSlide 10 References Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. Learn more in: Comparative Study on ASD Identification Using Machine and Deep Learning. By Rowan Anderson. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. october 2007. some models of child development. CARF International is an independent, nonprofit accreditor of health and human services. Human development. what drives. How social interactions affect student development and readiness for learning. Middle adulthood. Autism Parent Support Group
Martin Herbert's latest book provides an interesting and informative account of the child's journey from the womb to the world outside, through childhood and into adolescence. Thorax and the chest wall PPT Jincy Ashish . HUMAN SEXUALITY Prof. Muia Ndavi 1 Objectives At the end of this session the students will be able . Most of the disorders that cause developmental disabilities in the absence of structural malformations are not currently amendable to prenatal diagnosis.. Oxford: BPS Blackwell. ATYPICAL LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT - . Psychology, gender Flashcard Maker: Olivia Sealey. Now researchers usually consider bacteria as being "atypical" if they are hard to detect through standard bacterial methods. Appointments 866.588.2264. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. . Most of the ribs are typical ribs; which means that they have all these features. Sample Decks: chapter 2 -Theories, chapter 3 -Typical/Atypical Development, chapter 4 -Hearing/Listening Skills Show Class Psychology. Interdisciplinary approaches offer the greatest promise for future work with children who have disabilities. Psychology: A Students Handbook. Skills or developmental milestones usually happen by certain ages. He becomes easily bored with new topics in class and then starts to become a distraction to others. . When Gender and Biology Don t Agree Feel their gender identity does realistic results, orgasm F2M: experimental stages Gender Identity Disorder - How might early deficits in IJA associated with autism lead to more long-term deficits? dr karl wall 2009. human development. Psychology and the Teacher. Summaries Date Rating year Ratings Assignments Date Rating year Ratings By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. ( or other specialist. revision questions. It is based on the belief that it is vital for those training to work with children who have problems to understand what is typical or atypical in children's . Oxford: BPS Blackwell. chapter 2: cognitive development how childrens thinking develops. Cross), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham), Chemistry: The Central Science (Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene H LeMay; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward), Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Forecasting, Time Series, and Regression (Richard T. O'Connell; Anne B. Koehler), Give Me Liberty! Learn about the effects on early childhood development. An emphasis is placed on atypical development associated with . Please check your email address / username and password and try again. She is at grade level in math and qualifies for accommodations in written expression and communication. (Answer under these subtopics: Learning process, developmentally appropriate instruction strategy, modification plan, and accommodation strategies. how is the cost. You can read the details below. Oxford: BPS Blackwell. Chapter 15 looks at atypical development, considering a range of problems which include learning difficulties, learning disorders, depression and sensory impairment. Is your infant or child showing significant delays or different patterns of achieving major milestones? London: Cassell. - Atypical Wound Care LEE Wai-kuen Nurse Specialist Queen Mary Hospital. I can recommend a site that has helped me. . 16: Cognitive development. Typical: A child with a . 2023 SlideServe | Powered By DigitalOfficePro, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - E N D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. 70 A majority of reports to date indicate that atypical antipsychotics with their serotonin . Indeed, this happens in very rare cases. Atypical Development caused by Infectious Disease. Randi is below grade level in reading and is in the lowest of Mrs. Merrells reading intervention groups. chapter 5 preparing for the arrival. Learn more. older. It's called www.HelpWriting.net So make sure to check it out! Mycoplasma pneumoniae. To date the neural oscillatory correlates in the time-frequency domain of voice processing as a function of atypical early sensory experience, as after premature birth, remain elusive. If so, share your PPT presentation slides online with PowerShow.com. Although motion perception test scores have been shown to be related to driving safety, it is not clear which combination of tests are the best predictors and whether motion perception training can improve driving performance. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, Order a New Subscription to AJIDD, IDD, and/or INCL, Renew Your Subscription to AJIDD, IDD, and/or INCL, https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2003)108<288:BR>2.0.CO;2, Comparison of Two Interventions in Improving Comprehension of Students With Intellectual Disability, Childhood Sexual Abuse, Intellectual Disability, and Subsequent Physical and Mental Health Disorders: A Matched Cohort Study, Improving Retention of Diverse Samples in Longitudinal Research on Developmental Disabilities, Friendship and Anxiety/Depression Symptoms in Boys With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder, Social Network Diversity and Mental Health Among Mothers of Individuals With Autism, American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Variation and range in milestones 1 Ave. 3 weeks Ave. 2 months Ave. 4.5 months Holds head steady when held upright (1 week - 4 months) Lying on tummy lifts self by arms 3 weeks - 5 months Rolls from side to back 3 wks - 5 mon. a. During math instruction, she is accompanied by an instructional aide to assist her with specific goals related to math performance. Atypical: It is possible to raise a female child as a boy and a male child as a girl. (2000). Reference sources 5 Miller, P. H. (2002) Theories of Developmental Psychology (4th edn). ATYPICAL LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT - . Debbie Laffranchini, Instructor Howard: Chapter 4 Batshaw : Chapters 4, 5. Cognitive Development Today: Piaget and his Critics. language development and mental retardation. Usually, XX with an SRY gene translocated on one, Sometimes, an XX and XY conceptus fuse or 1 sperm, Several have become pregnant and delivered, Infertile, no puberty, deficits in visuospatial, Treated with GH testosterone for growth, and, Male SRY trumps any number of DAX-1 genes, as, Tall, small testes, breast development, sparse, Learning disabilities, especially for language, Lack of enzyme ? ashley n. lyons, m.ed. ELM Topic 6 DQ 1 - Child and early adolescent development psychology. To understand the consequences of prematurity on language perception it is fundamental to determine how atypical early sensory experience affects brain development. Child Development - typical and atypical development - . PowerShow.com is a leading presentation sharing website. Boasting an impressive range of designs, they will support your presentations with inspiring background photos or videos that support your themes, set the right mood, enhance your credibility and inspire your audiences. Sheridan, M. D. (2006) Play in Early Childhood From birth to six years. typical language development communication disorders. Communication and Atypical Language Development - Nancy j. aguinaga , ph.d. communication and atypical language, ATYPICAL WORKERS - . They include these factors: In some cases, the cause is unknown. To suggest that there is a "correct" presentation implies there . Your member credentials do not work with the login widgets on these pages. Watch two babies in eight different positions to compare their motor movements. gaia scerif room 426, ext. Development of a clinical prediction rule for 30day . : an American History (Eric Foner), Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (Janice L. Hinkle; Kerry H. Cheever), Campbell Biology (Jane B. Reece; Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky), Biological Science (Freeman Scott; Quillin Kim; Allison Lizabeth), Child and Early Adolescent Development and Psychology, Child and Early Adolescent Development and Psychology Notes, Proposal Argument Final Draft Chavez Ethan ENG106, GCU ELM 200 - Outline and lecture notes from lesson, ELM-200 Chapters Two and Six Discussion Outline, ELM 200 Topic 6-week 6 Discussion Questions 1&2, ELM-210-D-T2-Aligning Standards and Learning Objectives. Watch on. Winner of the Standing Ovation Award for Best PowerPoint Templates from Presentations Magazine. unit 4 the first year. For more information on babys physical development and signs to watch for in their motor development, view our Assure brochure. Atypical anti psychotics are less likely to cause extra pyramidal motor control and ardive dyskinesia disabilities when compared to typical anti psychotics. Long story short.. my son is now 2 years old and he is playing and moving just like any toddler his age.. You can learn how to recognize the differences between typical and atypical development. Pediatricians may refer a child for further evaluation and testing with a neurologist , orthopedist ( or other specialist. sometimes errors happen during meiosis, Atypical Pneumonia - By annerie hattingh 26/08/09. Chlamydia pneumoniae. You might be concerned if your child is not yet crawling or walking when many peers are already displaying this skill. Thus, creating a means for interdisciplinary communication represents a major challenge for the future of effective research and practice for children with disabilities. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. how do we know? You might even have a presentation youd like to share with others. Class discussion questions. Cell duplication is long lasting about 30 hours, after the cells, called embryonic disk, are added quickly and become an organism. complex system of, Atypical Meiosis - . 12 mths 18 mths: typical development. piagets theory 1. 40 Cards - 4 Decks - 1 Learner Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. You could not be signed in. Even though these infections are called "atypical," they are not uncommon. Atypical anti psychotics are easier to discontinue and are less addictive than the typical anti psychotics. Be sure to include a rationale that references the major concepts, principles, theories, and research for designing and modifying instruction that supports language and culture in learning. Reference sources 1 Meggitt, C. (2006) Child Development. One investigator found that 78% of those experiencing AMI reported feeling feverish or sweaty. You can learn how to recognize the differences between typical and atypical development. Specialty Retail uses allowed in LC districts, including retail specialty shops. articulation: Child Development - . And, best of all, it is completely free and easy to use. Kugelmass, J. W. (2007) Constructivist views of learning: implications for inclusive education, in Lani Florian (ed). child development. Typical antipsychotic agents seem to be of limited therapeutic value for patients with OC-SCZ presumably due to their limited serotonergic properties. They'll give your presentations a professional, memorable appearance - the kind of sophisticated look that today's audiences expect. wounds due to uncommon, Chapter 4: Human Development: Birth to Six, Vygotsky: Crisis of Three: Defiant Behavior, The most sophisticated prenatal diagnostic technology, Prevention and alternative reproductive choices. anti-epileptic drugs) increase risk of birth defects In utero repair of myelomeningocele reduces hydrocephalus and increased likelihood of future independent ambulation Maternal morbidity (disease) is risk Maternal PKU is at risk of child with microcephaly and intellectual disability if she does not maintain diet during pregnancy Always weigh risk of procedures with outcome to fetus and mother. B.F. Skinner (1904 -1990): Child behaviour shaped by how experience is reinforced: Role of reward and punishment > experience conditions behaviour, Child development theories 4 Alfred Bandura (1925 -present): Learning informed by imitation and social observation Role of motivation and inner psychological processes modelling, role models, social learning: Social Learning Theory, Child development theories 5 Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934): Learning interactions as basis of development: Role of social context, language, communication and the mediating influence of others inform a social constructivist development Historical, cultural and social factors inform cognition and development - language is the principal societal tool, Child development theories 6 Jean Piaget (1896 -1980): development seen as: Four, genetically driven, universal and sequential stages of symbol based cognitive development. (EEG) , or laboratory tests to gather information about your childs brain, spine, or musculoskeletal system. For example, one learning to walk or read is considered a typical development. ELM Topic 3 DQ 1 - Discussion question for ELM 200 for participation points. Dimensions of change : Physical Sensory Motor Social Emotional Cognitive Reproductive Experiential. Isabelle Daigneault, Genevive Paquette, Mireille De La Sablonnire-Griffin, Jacinthe Dion, Jieun Song, Robert S. Dembo, Leann Smith DaWalt, Carol D. Ryff, Marsha R. Mailick, Christina Harkins, Michelle Menezes, Eleonora Sadikova, Micah Mazurek, Robert S. Dembo, Marsha R. Mailick, Abby E. Rudolph, Nick Huntington, Leann Smith DaWalt, Monika Mitra, This site uses cookies. London: Fontana. Rolls from back to side 2-7 months Based on Table 4 Ages when motor skills are achieved p95 of Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. nontuberculous mycobacteria. Create stunning presentation online in just 3 steps. the term "typical" development is more accepted by the parents than the term "normal" development. child development. One of your YouTube videos saved my sons life, he was my first baby and I couldnt tell that he has atypical movement if I didnt see your video. Developmental milestones include physical or behavioral signs of physical, social, and cognitive progress that lead to mastery over one's environment. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. death. 6. And theyre ready for you to use in your PowerPoint presentations the moment you need them. Natalia Barragan, ELM-200-T3-Typical And Atypical Development assignment. Variation and range in milestones 2 Ave. 3 months Ave. 7 months Grasps a cube 2 mths - 7mths Sits alone with coordination 5 mths - 9 mths Based on Table 4 Ages when motor skills are achieved p95 of Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. . Harrington, R. (1993). Abstract. In male: differentiation OK, but early puberty and cessation of growth. ali somily md. Provides the opportunity to demonstrate the ability to review the literature relevant to understanding typical and atypical development. Motivation essay. How will you address Randi's needs for her to complete this lesson successfully? Google Scholar. Each develops at his or her own pace and style. Recognizing atypical behavior includes the following steps: Identify skill levels that indicate that a child's development is atypical - either advanced or delayed - in comparison to the average child of the same age. atypical wound. & Wagner Alibali, M. (2005). And, again, its all free. Herbert takes readers first through an account of typical development, from prenatal through adolescent. degree = 4 leading coefficient = -0.0002, Child Development - . - 5 -Reductase Deficiency Several Types of Atypical Sex Development Exist in Humans Males with hypospadias or a micropenis have a misplaced urethral opening or | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to view, - Atypical Pneumonia K. Sue Kehl, Ph.D., D(ABMM) Associate Professor, Pathology Medical College of Wisconsin Associate Director of Clinical Pathology, - LECTURE 4 M. Faiyaz-Ul-Haque, PhD, FRCPath Atypical Patterns of Inheritance. Imprint Malden, MA : Blackwell, 2002. Older adulthood. abnormal cell division. Neurological maturation (historic view) Systems model based on biomechanical theory More ecological approach Includes influence of the environment The task at hand Psychological processes Motivation Personality Interaction between musculoskeletal and neurological maturation, Gross motor development Muscle control progresses: Cephalo-caudal From gross motor to fine motor Proximal to distal Reflex to intentionality Simple to complex Head control Supine to prone Shoulder control Allows pivoting and turning over by 4th or 5th month Trunk control Sit up independently at 6 months Get into and out of sit at 8 months Hip control Lower body control Refinement, Windows of achievement Sit without support: 4 9 months Stand with assistance: 5 11 months, Hand and knee crawling: 5 13months Walking with assistance: 6 14 months, Standing alone: 7 17 months Walking alone: 9 17 months, Motor development: Fine Motor Skills Eye contact Facial expression Reaching Grasping Palmar Pincer Handedness Reflection of hemisphere dominance, Language Development Communication Speech sounds Language Communicating idea, wish, desire, need, emotion Receptive language: usually higher ability What is understood Expressive language: usually lower than receptive language What is said Innate ability for language Acquired in universal pattern Modeled by more competent speakers, repeated practice of sounds and words, Language Form Three aspects of language Phonology: study of speech sounds Syntax: rules of language, grammar Morphological development: word structure and word parts, such as prefixes and suffixes, Phonological development Cooing - vowel sounds Babbling - C/V (consonant/vowel) Sound production D,t,k,m,h (8 months) G,n,b W,s P,s,k,z (two years) F, ts, j, l, r, pw, bw Fw, kw, pl, nts, nd, ps, ts Dz, sp, st, sn, sl Tw, sk, sm, bl, kl, gl, br, tr, dr, kr, gr (4 years) V, fr, sr, pr, fl (5 years) Ma-ma, da-da, pa-pa nonspecificially Mama dada papa specifically Single words, objects Two-word sentences after approximately 30 50 words, Syntax Morphological Development Morpheme: smallest part of a word that has meaning Mean length of utterance (MLU) More than three, have morphological inflections in phrases Simple two-word sentences include noun-verb, verb-noun, and noun-noun Wh questions are challenging Who, what, where, when, how, why, Expressive language Semantics What words mean Overextension All blue cars are Mommys car Underextension Categories are too narrow: only my red blanket is my blankie; all other blankies are something else, Factors Affecting Language Development Developmental disabilities Cleft lip/cleft palate Oral-structural anomalies associated with Down syndrome Influence phonological production Cerebral palsy Reduced respiratory capacity Autism All areas of language affected Language deficits often inherited (50%) Culture and sociocultural factors influence rate of language acquisition Parenting influences language acquisition Motherese is correlated to language development Children with disabilities may require structured opportunities to facilitate language development With children whose language is developing typically, Cognitive development How we acquire knowledge Early experiences are critical to acquiring knowledge and sculpt: Perception Selective attention Learning Memory Language Personality Cognition Brain is plastic and can create alternative routes to adjust to auditory and visual experiences Repeated exposure to stimuli molds a response and pathways that have not been able to respond, drop out and die, Theories of cognition Preoperational Representational thought Symbolic ability Egocentrism Irreversibility Concrete operations Decentration Reversibility Logic Conservation Relational thinking (shorter, longer) Hierarchical relationships Formal operations Flexible thinking Abstract thinking Piaget: Developmental approach Four distinct stages: Sensorimotor Six substages Reflex activity Primary circular reactions Secondary circular reactions Coordination of secondary schemes Tertiary circular reactions Mental combinations Object permanence Attachment Strong indicator of memory in infants, Social emotional development Emergence of individual emotions and personality is result of and influence on dynamic relationships with others and the environment Adapting to community norms that govern living within a society Social development: Observable behavior Emotional development: Takes place under the skin Influenced by language and cognitive development Influences on social-emotional development Heredity Culture Economics Community, Social emotional development (cont) Maternal stress and anxiety increases cortisol that crosses the placenta that affect hormonal and brain development When infants experience prolonged subtle forms of emotional deprivation (when mothers are depressed) they experience a dampening of their own emotions Fail to gain weight Lethargic Development is compromised Environmental factors that place parents at risk of being inadequate nurturers of secure attachment: Substance abuse Child abuse Underage pregnancy Low socioeconomic status Economic stressors Poverty Infant prematurity Overcrowding Absent fathers, Social emotional development (cont) Parenting affects development: Emotional resiliency develops when mothers are primarily positive Young children learn to regulate their emotions and their impulses Coercive parenting patterns lead to harsh and inconsistent consequences, leading to later social problems and emotional depression, Vygotsky: Crisis of Three: Defiant Behavior Negativism Stubbornness Obstinancy Willfulness Protest Devaluation Calls stupid or dumb Despotism Wants complete power over those around, Children with disabilities Impairment in one area can significantly alter the ability of child to initiate or respond to interactions that build or maintain social relationships, Social play Play is the medium that infants and toddlers acquire and execute social relationships Play is the work of young children Economic stability in a family contributes to more social contacts, Types of play (cognitive) Solitary play Isolation and independence Spectator play (onlooker play Parallel play Associative play Lacks organization Toys shared without regard for groups wishes Cooperative Play Games with rules 6 years of age Children learn: Truth Honesty Fair play Self-control Leadership skills, Self-help development AKA Adaptive skills Independent feeding Dressing Toileting Personal responsibilities, Independent eating and drinking skills Sucking reflex Solid pureed foods Table foods Dramatic change around 8 months Drink from cup Feed themselves finger foods Age 2 independent eaters and drinkers Use of spoon More narrow range of food preferences, Dressing skills Pull socks off Assist in dressing Pull pants up and down Zippers Dress self by 3 years, Toileting skills Muscle control not fully developed until 2 years of age Bowel movements may cause fear in child Not unusual to still use diapers at three years of age, especially if any other delays exist, Personal responsibility Pick up their toys Routines Wipe up spills Clear the table Dirty clothes in a hamper, Children With Disabilities Chapter 4: Birth Defects and Prenatal Diagnosis, Birth defects and prenatal diagnosis Upon completion of this chapter, the student will: Understand the uses and limitations of noninvasive prenatal maternal blood screening for birth defects Be knowledgeable regarding the indications for, and limitations of, first- and second-trimester evaluation of birth defects using the techniques of ultrasound, fetal MRI and ECG Be aware of techniques of amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling to determine when these invasive diagnostic tests may be indicated Be familiar with alternative reproductive techniques (IVF) and understand when couples might benefit from such technologies Learn about new noninvasive prenatal diagnosis technologies being explored Understand the psychosocial needs of families who are at risk, Birth defects and prenatal diagnosis 3% of births result in a child with a birth defect or genetic disorder Circumstances can increase risk Most affected newborns are born to couples unaware they are at risk and have no family history, Birth Defects and Prenatal Diagnosis Noninvasive prenatal maternal blood screening First-semester evaluation of birth defects Ultrasonogram Fetal magnetic resonance imaging Echocardiography Second-trimester evaluation of birth defects Invasive diagnostic tests Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling Alternative reproductive techniques In vitro fertilization Psychosocial needs of families at risk for having children with genetic disorders or birth defects, Prenatal diagnosis and screening Gives parents opportunity to gain information about fetus Gives parents opportunity to examine a range of family planning options Screening can occur before pregnancy or during pregnancy, Genetic Assessment 20,000 genetic disorders have been identified Genetic testing available for 2,000 genetic disorders Ethnic background Specific ethnic backgrounds have higher chance of certain gene mutations associated with genetic disorders Review of medical and pregnancy history Extended family history Presence of family birth defects and genetic disorders Unexplained infant deaths Recurrent pregnancy losses Maternal medication use Occupational or teratogen exposure Carrier screening Autosomal recessive High morbidity (disease) and mortality (death), Genetic assessment Genetics Home Reference National Library of Medicine supported database National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) www.rarediseases.org Genetic Alliance A clearinghouse for information and support groups for genetic disorders www.geneticalliance.org, Screening evaluations during pregnancy First Trimester Ultrasound Establishes viability Determines number of fetuses Confirm placenta position 11 14 weeks can measure nuchal translucency (transparency of the fluid-filled cavity at the nape of the fetuss neck Increased nuchal translucency is associated with adverse outcomes Congenital heart disease Fetal anomalies Fetal death Down syndrome: abnormal Doppler flow in ductus venosus and tricuspid regurgitation (signs of congenital heart disease) Maternal serum (blood) screening Screening for disorders common in specific ethnic groups Cystic fibrosis Sickle cell anemia Tay Sachs Chorionic villus sampling, Screening evaluations during pregnancy First-Trimester Maternal serum screening Free beta hCG and PAPP-A at 10 14 weeks combined with ultrasound identifies 87% fetuses with Down syndrom <5% false-positive Extreme variations of free beta hCG and PAPP-A can indicate: Low birth weight Stillbirth Fetal loss Early delivery Cell-free DNA in plasma of pregnant woman Fetal DNA can be detected in background of maternal DNA, assessment fetal chromosomal abnormalities Further work needs to be done before technique is widely available for clinical use, Screening evaluations during pregnancy First trimester Chorionic villus sampling Performed 10 12 weeks Use ultrasound to guide suction through small catheter passed through cervix or aspiration via needle inserted through abdominal wall and uterus Minute biopsy of chorion (outermost membrane surrounding embryo) Consists of rapidly dividing cells Detects chromosomal abnormalities Use for enzyme assay for inborn errors of metablism Use for molecular DNA analysis to identify specific mutations that cause genetic diseases Does not detect neural tube defects such as spina bifida Safest invasive prenatal diagnostic procedure 1% risk of precedure-related pregnancy loss If performed after 10 weeks, no increased risk of causing fetal anomaly, Screening evaluations during pregnancy Second Trimester Maternal serum screening Screening sensitivity is improving but is not diagnostic AFP (low), hCG, uE3, and Inhibin A has improved detection of Down syndrome, 80% with 5% false-positive rate When combined with other indicators including maternal age, weight, race, diabetic status and number of fetuses, can assess risk for: Neural tube defects (spina bifida and anencephaly) Abdominal wall defects (gastroschisis and omphalocele) Trisomy 18 AFP high levels can be associated with multiple fetuses, gestational age greater than anticipated or higher risk for preterm delivery, stillbirth, or intrauterine loss If serum screen suggests increased risk for Down syndrome, trisomy 18 or trisomy 13, diagnostic testing is recommended, Screening Evaluations During pregnancy Second-trimester Ultrasound 18 20 weeks detects 60% of major structural anomalies Can be used to diagnose neural tube defects and abdominal wall defects (previously screened for by second-trimester serum testing) High resolution ultrasound revolutionized identification of fetal anatomic abnormalities Can be used to diagnose: Facial clefts Renal anomalies Skeletal anomalies Hydrocephalus Heart defects Other malformations Does not replace amniocentesis and CVS, Screening evaluations during pregnancy Second trimester Amniocentesis Performed at 15 18 weeks Ultrasound used to guide procedure Needle inserted below mothers umbilicus, through abdominal and uterine walls 1 2 ounces of amniotic fluid aspirated Fetal urine replaces fluid in 24 hours Pregnancy loss when performed before 14 weeks increases, higher rates of musculoskeletal deformities (club foot), and greater risk of fluid leakage CVS preferred first trimester, Screening evaluations during pregnancy Magnetic resonance imaging Used approximately 17 weeks No sedation No known risks at this time MRI of central nervous system can demonstrate presence: Corpus callosum Chiari malformation of the brain Cause of enlarged ventricles (hydrocephalus) Ultrasound identifies the risk, MRI confirms http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TiG2nbsc-gc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFY5COYwlXU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijhLPWBzziA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7rh_mdL71Q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHEi_31IYhg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcKfgBqU0H0, Screening Evaluations During pregnancy Second trimester Fetal Echocardiography Congenital heart disease (CHD) most common anatomical abnormality, contributing to 1/3 of congenital anomaly deaths in childhood Targeted ultrasound performed 18 22 weeks Three- and four-dimensional studies 10 15% of infants with CHD have underlying chromosomal abnormality, Diagnostic testing of fetal cells CVS Amniocentesis To test for chromosomal analysis Biochemical analysis For inborn errors of metabolism or DNA analysis For fragile X syndrome or cystic fibrosis Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) Short pieces of DNA (called DNA probe) of known sequence can attach to a unique region on a chromosome FISH used to identify specific chromosomes or indicate small deletions of a defined region of a specific chromosome FISH used to detect microdeletions Discover of certain CHDs should prompt consideration of FISH analysis to detect 22q11.2 deletion associated with VCFS/DiGeorge Syndrome, 1 in 4,000 live births, The most sophisticated prenatal diagnostic technology cannot guarantee the birth of a typical child. 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